Aquaculture & restoration

Feed sets the oxygen bill. We pay it at the bottom of the pond.

Every kilogram of feed you put in has an oxygen demand behind it, and the crash comes at 4 a.m. in August, at the bottom, where the aerator never reached. Ultrafine bubbles carry oxygen through the whole water column and hold it against demand — so stocking density stops being an oxygen decision, and the antibiotics and algaecides in your program have less to fight.

Run my numbers
>30 mg/L
Dissolved oxygen demonstrated
(Well past air saturation · in our deployments and in published research)
70–83%
Ammonia removed
(Within 45 minutes · published research)
15% → 75%
Survival
(In laboratory infection trials · not a farm-season rate)
The problem

Oxygen demand peaks exactly when the water holds the least

Every kilogram of feed carries an oxygen demand: the fish that eat it, the bacteria that break down what they leave, the sediment that collects the rest. That demand peaks when solubility is lowest — warm water, dense stock, the hours before dawn when photosynthesis has stopped and respiration has not. A surface aerator fixes the top metre and leaves the bottom to run out. Once the sediment goes anoxic it releases ammonia and phosphorus back into the water you paid to keep clean. Vibrio and Aeromonas are low-oxygen opportunists; a crashed water column hands them their niche. Every treatment you then dose is fighting a problem the water column created.

The solution

Size the oxygen to the feed. Deliver it where the demand is.

We size the oxygen plant off your feed rate, not your pond volume, because feed is what sets the demand. Ultrafine bubbles stay suspended instead of rising and bursting, so dissolved oxygen holds through the whole water column and into the sediment, and holds there against the load. Nitrifiers keep working — in published research, ultrafine bubble oxygenation removed 70–83% of ammonia within 45 minutes. Low-oxygen pathogens lose their niche. The muck stops releasing what you paid to remove. Oxygen is not a veterinary program. It is what lets the one you run reach full efficacy.

Key benefits

Lower disease pressure

Vibrio, Aeromonas and the other opportunists of a low-oxygen water column lose the condition they exploit when dissolved oxygen holds all the way to the bottom. In laboratory infection trials in published research, survival rose from 15% to 75% — a challenge-test result, not a farm-season survival rate. It lowers pressure; it does not replace your health program.

Stocking density stops being an oxygen decision

Dissolved oxygen is the cap on how much biomass a pond or tank will carry, and it is the cap that fails first on a warm night. When the oxygen plant is sized off feed rate and the bubbles hold DO through the column, the density question moves to feed, filtration and market — where it belongs.

Water that stays clean between changes

An aerobic sediment layer keeps ammonia and phosphorus bound instead of releasing them back into the water, and gives nitrifying bacteria the oxygen they need to keep up. The direction is fewer water changes and less sludge to haul for the same water quality; the size of it depends on your feed load and your system.

Get in touch

What would oxygen that reaches the bottom be worth to your next cycle?

Tell us your system type, species, feed rate and current aeration. We'll size the oxygen to the feed and send a scoped proposal in 48 hours — with an honest read on where dissolved oxygen will and won't move your numbers.

Run my numbers

Get a scoped proposal

Research & hardware

What the research says, and what we build

Each problem below is paired with the published work on it and with the hardware that puts the mechanism in your line. Figures are other people's trials unless marked KST field data.

Figures below are from independent, peer-reviewed studies unless marked KST field data.

Problem: your pond bottom is releasing what you paid to remove
The Problem: Anoxic sludge at the bottom of a pond releases ammonia and phosphorus back into the water — feeding algae and stressing stock even after external inputs are under control. Waters et al., 2022
What We Do: In published work, ultrafine bubbles delivered to the sediment layer re-oxygenated it and supported the aerobic bacteria that break down organic muck; phosphorus release from the sediment fell sharply once the layer went aerobic. Our injectors put oxygen at that depth, so the mechanism the papers measured is the one running in your pond.
Yu et al., 2019 Zhang et al., 2020 Zhang et al., 2018
Problem: algal blooms are taking your water quality with them
The Problem: Algal blooms consume oxygen at night, release toxins and cloud the water. Chemical treatments are temporary, and some are toxic to the species they are meant to protect.
What We Do: In published work, ultrafine bubble and cavitation treatments ruptured the gas vacuoles of cyanobacteria, stripping their buoyancy so they sink, and combined treatments destroyed most of the algal biomass in the trials reported. An aerobic sediment also stops feeding the next bloom with the nutrient pulse it used to release. The algaecide you still dose has less to fight.
Li et al., 2015 Wu et al., 2012 Ng et al., 2023
Problem: disease outbreaks are wiping out your stock
The Problem: Vibrio and Aeromonas cause mass-mortality events, and both are opportunists of low-oxygen water. Antibiotics are increasingly restricted, build resistance and leave residues that threaten market access. Nghia et al., 2022
What We Do: In published work, ozone ultrafine bubbles cut bacterial counts in the water sharply and raised the immune response of the fish; in laboratory infection trials, survival rose from 15% to 75% — a challenge-test result, not a farm-season survival rate. Holding dissolved oxygen through the column takes away the niche these pathogens exploit, so the veterinary program you run has less to fight.
Imaizumi et al., 2018 Linh et al., 2021 Jhunkeaw et al., 2021
Problem: viral outbreaks are hitting your population
The Problem: Fish viruses like spring viremia of carp virus (SVCV) cause catastrophic losses and are close to untreatable with conventional methods.
What We Do: In published work, hydrogen ultrafine bubbles acted as antioxidants, easing oxidative stress and the inflammatory response, and viral mortality fell substantially in the trial reported. That is a laboratory result on one virus in one species — a mechanism worth knowing, not a treatment we sell.
Li et al., 2022 Yaparatne et al., 2024
Problem: ammonia is building faster than your biofilter removes it
The Problem: Ammonia and nitrite are among the top killers in recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS). Nitrifying bacteria are aerobes; at high stocking density the biofilter runs out of oxygen before it runs out of surface.
What We Do: In published work, oxygen ultrafine bubbles kept nitrifiers supplied and removed 70–83% of ammonia within 45 minutes. Our injectors hold dissolved oxygen through the biofilter and the tank, so the nitrifying population you already have keeps working at load.
Subhan et al., 2021 Yaparatne et al., 2024
Problem: your ponds are a source of greenhouse gas
The Problem: Anoxic pond sediments produce methane — a potent greenhouse gas that is under growing regulatory scrutiny and undercuts any sustainability claim you make.
What We Do: In published work, delivering oxygen to the sediment layer activated methane-consuming bacteria and cut cumulative methane emissions by a large factor over the trial period. It is the same mechanism as the phosphorus result above: an aerobic sediment stops doing the things an anoxic one does.
Shi et al., 2018 Waters et al., 2022
Problem: off-flavors are making your fish hard to sell
The Problem: Blue-green algae produce geosmin and MIB — the compounds behind an "earthy" taste and smell. Once they are in the flesh, the harvest waits through a purging cycle or goes at a discount.
What We Do: In published work, oxygen ultrafine bubbles degraded geosmin and MIB through oxidation at the bubble interface, removing a meaningful share of each, and a water column that stays aerobic gives the cyanobacteria that produce them less room. It shortens the purging problem; it does not remove it.
Soyluoglu et al., 2022 Foudas et al., 2023
Problem: your filters are clogging constantly
The Problem: Filtration membranes in water-reuse systems foul quickly with organics, driving up maintenance and cutting uptime.
What We Do: In published work, ultrafine bubbles scoured membrane surfaces and cut flux decline substantially over a 24-hour run. Thinner fouling is what lets your cleaning chemistry contact the membrane instead of spending itself on the layer above it.
Farid et al., 2022 Yaparatne et al., 2024
Problem: parasites and pests are spreading through your system
The Problem: Small planktonic crustaceans and parasites ride through the system, competing for feed and hosting pathogens that put the whole stock at risk.
What We Do: In published work, hydrodynamic cavitation destroyed planktonic pests mechanically, through the shockwaves of collapsing bubbles. Our injectors make their bubbles by hydrodynamic cavitation, so the same physics runs in your line. It is a physical control that works alongside your treatment program, not a replacement for it.
Kurita et al., 2017 Ahmed et al., 2018