Process lines

Food, concrete and process-line engineers: ask for a worked analysis.

Send us what your line does and what it costs to run. We map the published work on ultrafine bubbles and cavitation onto it and write back where our hardware would sit, what you would measure in a trial, and where it would not apply.

Ask for a worked analysis
+6–13%
Concrete strength
(No added admixture · published research)
65–80%
Milk-concentrate viscosity cut
(Protein concentrate · published research)
1–3 days
Typical install
(On existing piping · hours of interruption on the treated line)
The worked analysis

What you send and what you get back

There is no calculator for these lines. Each analysis is scoped case by case, because the published results depend on the product, the line and the property you care about.

  • You sendWhat the line does, the flow and pipe size where a unit would go, what the line costs to run, and the property you want to move (viscosity, strength, scale, cleanliness).
  • You get backA written analysis: which published results apply to your line and which do not, where an injector or cavitator would sit, what to measure in a trial and how, and what a trial needs from your site.
  • How it is scopedCase by case. The analysis says plainly where our hardware would not help.
  • If it fitsA trial on your line, treated against untreated with a baseline captured first. Pilot fees can credit toward the full system, up to 100% on structured trials.
Ask for a worked analysisWhatsApp an engineerAn engineer replies within 48 hours, with a proposal or with the questions we need to write one.

Where we start

Food & beverage

In published work, CO₂ ultrafine bubbles raised ice-cream overrun and cut milk-protein-concentrate viscosity by 65–80%. A unit would sit on the concentrate line ahead of the dryer.

Concrete

In published work, ultrafine-bubble mixing water raised compressive strength by 6–13% with no added admixture. A unit would sit on the batch water feed.

Other lines in the literature

Precision cleaning, biodiesel and cooling-tower scale control are in the published work too. If your line is not named here, tell us what it does and we will say whether the published work reaches it.

Buyer questions

What process engineers ask before a worked analysis

Which processes does this apply to?

The ones published research has put ultrafine bubbles into: dairy concentrate and ice cream, concrete batching and curing, precision cleaning of wafers and membranes, biodiesel transesterification, and cooling-tower scale control. If your line isn't on that list, tell us what it does and we will say whether the published work reaches it.

How is a project scoped?

Case by case, with a worked analysis rather than a calculator. Tell us what the line does and what it costs to run; we map the published work onto it and say plainly where our hardware would sit (the batch water feed, the concentrate line ahead of the dryer, a make-up or recirculation line) and where it would not.

What would a trial on our line look like?

Treated against untreated on the same line, with a baseline captured first and the success criteria agreed in writing before anything ships. The measurement is the property the published work reports (compressive strength, viscosity, scale formation), taken on your material rather than ours. You get a written results report, baseline against treated, and you decide whether to scale. Pilot fees can credit toward the full system, up to 100% on structured trials. How a pilot works.

What does the site need to provide?

A dedicated GFCI-protected circuit, commonly about 220 V / 30 A (exact spec in the proposal), access to the water line at the injection point, and a mounting area for the skid. The equipment ties into existing piping in 1–3 days, with hours of interruption on the treated line, not days.

Research

What published research reports

Figures are from published studies, not Kairospace measurements. Results depend on your product and your line, which is what the worked analysis is for.

Dairy processing is too slow and inconsistent
The problem: High viscosity in milk concentrates slows spray drying. Ice cream texture depends on slow, energy-intensive freezing processes.
What the research reports: In published trials, CO₂ ultrafine bubbles increased ice-cream overrun and shortened crystal nucleation time. In milk protein concentrates, ultrafine bubbles reduced viscosity by 65–80%, improving powder rehydration. Our hardware would sit on the concentrate line ahead of the dryer.
Adhikari et al., 2019Amamcharla et al., 2020
Concrete is porous and slow to cure
The problem: Concrete porosity allows chloride ingress, causing corrosion and reducing lifespan. Standard curing takes 28 days to reach target strength.
What the research reports: In published work, ultrafine-bubble water provides nucleation sites for faster hydration, increasing compressive strength by 6–13%. It also reduces chloride permeability, improving freeze-thaw resistance. Our hardware would sit on the batch water feed.
Mohseni et al., 2019Hanoon et al., 2021
Precision surfaces need cleaning with less chemistry
The problem: Semiconductor wafers and RO membranes require ultra-clean surfaces, but conventional cleaning relies on harsh chemicals that damage sensitive substrates.
What the research reports: Collapsing ultrafine bubbles generate high-speed microjets that detached nanoscale particles from silicon wafers with far less cleaning chemistry. In RO systems, they restored permeate flux by detaching fouling layers. Our hardware would sit on the rinse or feed water supply.
Zhu et al., 2016Agarwal et al., 2021
Biodiesel production is too slow
The problem: Biodiesel transesterification is slow and energy-intensive.
What the research reports: Hydrodynamic cavitation intensifies transesterification and shortens processing time. A cavitator would sit on the reactor recirculation loop. One study reports ~16% higher combustion efficiency with hydrogen ultrafine bubbles in diesel; that is a fuel application we do not offer.
Gogate et al., 2019Oh et al., 2020
Scale build-up is cutting your cooling efficiency
The problem: Mineral scale buildup in cooling towers and pipes insulates heat exchangers, reducing thermal efficiency and increasing energy consumption.
What the research reports: In published work, ultrafine bubbles inhibited calcite and silica scaling by attracting mineral ions and interrupting crystal growth. They also improved heat transfer by thinning thermal boundary layers. Our hardware would sit on the make-up or recirculation line.
Uchida et al., 2018